EFEKTIVITAS AKTIVASI 0.5M NaOH HYDROCHAR TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT PADA TERMODINAMIKA PEMBAKARAN CO-FIRING DENGAN BATUBARA SUB-BITUMINUS

Moch Yusuf Efendi, Ena Marlina, Akhmad Faruq Alhikami

Abstract


This study aims to evaluate the effect of 0.5 M NaOH activation on empty fruit bunch (EFB) hydrochar and its thermodynamic performance during co-firing with sub-bituminous coal. Hydrochar was produced via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and subsequently activated using 0.5 M NaOH. Three samples were examined: 20% activated hydrochar + 80% coal, 20% non-activated TKKS + 80% coal, and 100% coal as a control. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) at 25–1000 °C was employed to determine mass degradation and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS). NaOH activation reduced the initial Gibbs free energy to 106.81 kJ/mol, indicating enhanced reaction spontaneity. A positive ΔH value (77.73 kJ/mol) confirmed the endothermic nature of the process, while a negative ΔS (-0.040 kJ/mol·K) reflected increased system order. In later stages, ΔG increased but ΔS remained controlled, suggesting process stability. Overall, 0.5 M NaOH activation improved initial reactivity and energy efficiency in biomass coal co-firing. Keywords: hydrochar, empty fruit bunch, NaOH, hydrothermal carbonization, Thermogravimetric Analysis, thermodynamics, co-firing, coal

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