STUDI KOMPARATIF LEGALITAS ASSISTED SUICIDE SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI EUTHANASIA DALAM HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA DAN SWISS

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The issue of euthanasia and assisted suicide continues to evolve alongside advances in medical science and increasing attention to the protection of human rights. The differences in legal regulation between Indonesia and Switzerland reflect distinct legal paradigms in balancing the protection of the right to life with respect for individual autonomy. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of assisted suicide as part of euthanasia under the criminal laws of Indonesia and Switzerland, as well as to examine the comparative legality of assisted suicide in both countries. This research employs a normative legal research method using the statutory approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. Legal materials were analyzed descriptively and analytically through a comparison of legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant international human rights instruments. The findings indicate that Indonesia criminalizes assisted suicide under Article 461 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code based on the sanctity of life principle, which recognizes the right to life as a non-derogable right. The analysis of the Berlin Silalahi case demonstrates that the request for euthanasia was primarily driven by social, economic, and welfare factors rather than issues of legal legitimacy. Therefore, the protection of the right to life should be realized not only through the prohibition of euthanasia but also by strengthening healthcare services, palliative care, and social security. In contrast, Switzerland, through Article 115 of the Swiss Criminal Code, adopts a limited decriminalization approach by not criminalizing assisted suicide provided it is not motivated by selfish motives, reflecting respect for the principle of self-determination. Although the two countries adopt different legal approaches, both ultimately seek to protect human dignity in accordance with their respective legal philosophies. Accordingly, Indonesia does not currently require the legalization of assisted suicide; however, it should strengthen regulations concerning healthcare services, palliative care, and legal protection for medical professionals without undermining the protection of the fundamental right to life.

Keywords: Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, Criminal Law, Human Rights, Comparative Law of Indonesia and Switzerland.

ABSTRAK

Isu mengenai euthanasia dan assisted suicide terus berkembang seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu kedokteran dan meningkatnya perhatian terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Perbedaan pengaturan hukum antara Indonesia dan Swiss menunjukkan adanya paradigma yang berbeda dalam menyeimbangkan perlindungan hak hidup dengan penghormatan terhadap otonomi individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan hukum mengenai assisted suicide sebagai bagian dari euthanasia dalam hukum pidana Indonesia dan Swiss serta menganalisis perbandingan legalitas assisted suicide di kedua negara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Bahan hukum dianalisis secara deskriptif-analitis melalui perbandingan peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin, dan instrumen hak asasi manusia yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mengkriminalisasi assisted suicide melalui Pasal 461 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana berdasarkan prinsip sanctity of life yang menempatkan hak hidup sebagai hak asasi manusia yang tidak dapat dikurangi dalam keadaan apa pun (non-derogable rights). Analisis terhadap kasus Berlin Silalahi menunjukkan bahwa permohonan euthanasia lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial, ekonomi, dan kesejahteraan daripada persoalan legalitas hukum sehingga perlindungan hak hidup perlu diwujudkan melalui penguatan pelayanan kesehatan, pelayanan paliatif, dan jaminan sosial. Sementara itu, Swiss melalui Article 115 Swiss Criminal Code menerapkan dekriminalisasi terbatas terhadap assisted suicide sepanjang tidak dilakukan atas dasar motif egoistik (selfish motives) sebagai bentuk penghormatan terhadap prinsip self-determination. Meskipun memiliki pendekatan yang berbeda, kedua negara sama-sama bertujuan melindungi martabat manusia sesuai dengan filosofi hukumnya. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia belum memiliki urgensi untuk melegalkan assisted suicide, namun perlu memperkuat regulasi di bidang pelayanan kesehatan, pelayanan paliatif, dan perlindungan hukum bagi tenaga medis tanpa mengesampingkan perlindungan hak untuk hidup.

Kata kunci: Assisted suicide, Euthanasia, Hukum Pidana, Hak Asasi Manusia, Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia dan Swiss.