AKIBAT HUKUM KETERLAMBATAN SURAT PEMBERITAHUAN DIMULAINYA PENYIDIKAN (SPDP) KEPADA PENUNTUT UMUM DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe Indonesian criminal justice system adopts the concept of an integrated criminal justice system, which integrates the functions of each of its subsystems. One form of inter-institutional coordination is the obligation of investigators to submit a Notice of Commencement of Investigation (Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan / SPDP) to the public prosecutor within seven working days. However, delays in the submission of the SPDP remain a recurring issue, with no definitive legal consequences or sanctions expressly established. This study analyzes such legal consequences and sanctions employing a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Substantively, the legal consequences include legal uncertainty, impediment to due process of law, the weakening of horizontal oversight, and the violation of the constitutional rights of the parties concerned. Procedurally, the legal consequences encompass a formal defect in the SPDP, the breakdown of the check and balances mechanism, the opening of grounds for a pre-trial motion (praperadilan), and the erosion of public confidence. In respect of such violations, three concurrent categories of sanctions are available, namely administrative sanctions, ethical sanctions, and criminal sanctions.Keywords: Notice of Commencement of Investigation (SPDP), Legal Consequences, Criminal Justice System.ABSTRAKSistem peradilan pidana Indonesia menganut konsep integrated criminal justice system yang mengintegrasikan fungsi dari setiap subsistem. Salah satu bentuk koordinasi antar institusi adalah kewajiban penyidik menyampaikan Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan (SPDP) kepada penuntut umum dalam 7 hari kerja. Namun, keterlambatan penyampaian SPDP masih kerap terjadi tanpa kepastian akibat hukum maupun sanksi yang tegas. Penelitian ini menganalisis akibat hukum dan sanksi tersebut menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Secara substantif, akibat hukumnya meliputi ketidakpastian hukum, hambatan due process of law, melemahnya pengawasan horizontal, dan pelanggaran hak konstitusional para pihak. Secara prosedural, akibat hukumnya mencakup cacat formil SPDP, hilangnya mekanisme check and balances, terbukanya peluang praperadilan, dan menurunnya kepercayaan publik. Atas pelanggaran tersebut, terbuka tiga jalur sanksi, yaitu sanksi administratif, sanksi etik, dan sanksi pidana. Kata Kunci: Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan (SPDP), Akibat Hukum, Sistem Peradilan Pidana.